Manual: xxd
XXD(1) General Commands Manual XXD(1)
NAME
xxd - make a hex dump or do the reverse.
SYNOPSIS
xxd -h[elp]
xxd [options] [infile [outfile]]
xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]]
DESCRIPTION
xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. It can also convert a hex dump back to its original binary
form. Like uuencode(1) and uudecode(1) it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-safe' ASCII representa‐
tion, but has the advantage of decoding to standard output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patch‐
ing.
OPTIONS
If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile is specified as a `-' character, then input is taken from
standard input. If no outfile is given (or a `-' character is in its place), results are sent to standard output.
Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than the first option letter, unless the option is
followed by a parameter. Spaces between a single option letter and its parameter are optional. Parameters to op‐
tions can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all equiva‐
lent.
-a | -autoskip
Toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces NUL-lines. Default off.
-b | -bits
Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hex dump. This option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and
"0"s instead of a normal hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number in hexadecimal and followed
by an ASCII (or EBCDIC) representation. The command line switch -p does not work with this mode. Can be com‐
bined with -i.
-c cols | -cols cols
Format octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b: 6). Max 256. No maximum for -ps. With -ps, 0
results in one long line of output.
-C | -capitalize
Capitalize variable names in C include file style, when using -i.
-d show offset in decimal instead of hex.
-E | -EBCDIC
Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII to EBCDIC. This does not change the hexadec‐
imal representation. The option is meaningless in combinations with -r, -p or -i.
-e Switch to little-endian hex dump. This option treats byte groups as words in little-endian byte order. The
default grouping of 4 bytes may be changed using -g. This option only applies to the hex dump, leaving the
ASCII (or EBCDIC) representation unchanged. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not work with this mode.
-g bytes | -groupsize bytes
Separate the output of every bytes (two hex characters or eight bit digits each) by a whitespace.
Specify -g 0 to suppress grouping. defaults to 2 in normal mode, 4 in little-endian mode and 1 in
bits mode. Grouping does not apply to PostScript or include style.
-h | -help
Print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping is performed.
-i | -include
Output in C include file style. A complete static array definition is written (named after the input file),
unless xxd reads from stdin. Can be combined with -b.
-l len | -len len
Stop after writing octets.
-n name | -name name
Override the variable name output when -i is used. The array is named name and the length is named name_len.
-o offset
Add to the displayed file position.
-p | -ps | -postscript | -plain
Output in PostScript continuous hex dump style. Also known as plain hex dump style.
-r | -revert
Reverse operation: convert (or patch) hex dump into binary. If not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its
output file without truncating it. Use the combination -r -p to read plain hexadecimal dumps without line num‐
ber information and without a particular column layout. Additional whitespace and line breaks are allowed any‐
where. Use the combination -r -b to read a bits dump instead of a hex dump.
-R when
In the output the hex-value and the value are both colored with the same color depending on the hex-value.
Mostly helping to differentiate printable and non-printable characters. when is never, always, or auto (de‐
fault: auto). When the $NO_COLOR environment variable is set, colorization will be disabled.
-seek offset
When used after -r: revert with added to file positions found in hex dump.
-s [+][-]seek
Start at bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset. + indicates that the seek is relative to the current
stdin file position (meaningless when not reading from stdin). - indicates that the seek should be that many
characters from the end of the input (or if combined with +: before the current stdin file position). Without
-s option, xxd starts at the current file position.
-u Use upper-case hex letters. Default is lower-case.
-v | -version
Show version string.
CAVEATS
xxd -r has some built-in magic while evaluating line number information. If the output file is seekable, then the
line numbers at the start of each hex dump line may be out of order, lines may be missing, or overlapping. In these
cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the output file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will
be filled by null-bytes.
xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped.
When editing hex dumps, please note that xxd -r skips everything on the input line after reading enough columns of
hexadecimal data (see option -c). This also means that changes to the printable ASCII (or EBCDIC) columns are always
ignored. Reverting a plain (or PostScript) style hex dump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct number of
columns. Here, anything that looks like a pair of hex digits is interpreted.
Note the difference between
% xxd -i file
and
% xxd -i < file
xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek, as lseek(2) is used to "rewind" input. A '+' makes a difference if
the input source is stdin, and if stdin's file position is not at the start of the file by the time xxd is started
and given its input. The following examples may help to clarify (or further confuse!):
Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read to the end of stdin.
% sh -c "cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy" < file
Hex dump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The `+' sign means "relative to the current position", thus
the `128' adds to the 1k where dd left off.
% sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > hex_snippet" < file
Hex dump from file position 0x100 (=1024-768) onwards.
% sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > hex_snippet" < file
However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed. The author prefers to monitor the effect of
xxd with strace(1) or truss(1), whenever -s is used.
EXAMPLES
Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of file.
% xxd -s 0x30 file
Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file.
% xxd -s -0x30 file
Note: The results of the examples below are relevant to the xxd.1 man page as of May 2024
Print 120 bytes as a continuous hex dump with 20 octets per line.
% xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1
2e544820585844203120224d6179203230323422
20224d616e75616c207061676520666f72207878
64220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d617920
313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765206175
74686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79204e75
67656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567656e2e
Hex dump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line.
% xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1
00000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 224d .TH XXD 1 "M
0000000c: 6179 2032 3032 3422 2022 4d61 ay 2024" "Ma
00000018: 6e75 616c 2070 6167 6520 666f nual page fo
00000024: 7220 7878 6422 0a2e 5c22 0a2e r xxd"..\"..
00000030: 5c22 2032 3173 7420 4d61 7920 \" 21st May
0000003c: 3139 3936 0a2e 5c22 204d 616e 1996..\" Man
00000048: 2070 6167 6520 6175 7468 6f72 page author
00000054: 3a0a 2e5c 2220 2020 2054 6f6e :..\" Ton
00000060: 7920 4e75 6765 6e74 203c 746f y Nugent output_file
Patch the date in the file xxd.1
% echo "0000034: 3574 68" | xxd -r - xxd.1
% xxd -s 0x33 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
00000033: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996
Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for the last one which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
% echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r > file
Hex dump this file with autoskip.
% xxd -a -c 12 file
00000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............
*
0000fffc: 0000 0000 41 ....A
Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. The number after '-r -s' adds to the line numbers found in
the file; in effect, the leading bytes are suppressed.
% echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to hex dump a region marked between `a' and `z'.
:'a,'z!xxd
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover a binary hex dump marked between `a' and `z'.
:'a,'z!xxd -r
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover one line of a hex dump. Move the cursor over the line
and type:
!!xxd -r
Read single characters from a serial line
% xxd -c1 < /dev/term/b &
% stty < /dev/term/b -echo -opost -isig -icanon min 1
% echo -n foo > /dev/term/b
RETURN VALUES
The following error values are returned:
0 no errors encountered.
-1 operation not supported (xxd -r -i still impossible).
1 error while parsing options.
2 problems with input file.
3 problems with output file.
4,5 desired seek position is unreachable.
SEE ALSO
uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)
WARNINGS
The tool's weirdness matches its creator's brain. Use entirely at your own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wiz‐
ard.
VERSION
This manual page documents xxd version 1.7 from 2024-05.
AUTHOR
(c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert
Distribute freely and credit me,
make money and share with me,
lose money and don't ask me.
Manual page started by Tony Nugent
Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen Weigert.
Manual page for xxd May 2024 XXD(1)