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Manual: pico

NANO(1) General Commands Manual NANO(1)

NAME
nano - Nano's ANOther text editor, inspired by Pico

SYNOPSIS
nano [options] [[+line[,column]] file]...

nano [options] [[+[crCR]{/|?}string] file]...

NOTICE
Since version 8.0, to be newcomer friendly, ^F starts a forward search, ^B starts a backward search, M-F searches the
next occurrence forward, and M-B searches the next occurrence backward. If you want those keystrokes to do what they
did before version 8.0, add the following lines at the end of your nanorc file:

bind ^F forward main
bind ^B back main
bind M-F formatter main
bind M-B linter main

DESCRIPTION
nano is a small and friendly text editor. It copies the look and feel of Pico, but is free software, and implements
several features that Pico lacks, such as: opening multiple files, scrolling per line, undo/redo, syntax coloring,
line numbering, and soft-wrapping overlong lines.

When giving a filename on the command line, the cursor can be put on a specific line by adding the line number with a
plus sign (+) before the filename, and even in a specific column by adding it with a comma. Negative numbers count
from the end of the file or line.

The cursor can be put on the first or last occurrence of a specific string by specifying that string after +/ or +?
before the filename. The string can be made case sensitive and/or caused to be interpreted as a regular expression
by inserting c and/or r after the + sign. These search modes can be explicitly disabled by using the uppercase vari‐
ant of those letters: C and/or R. When the string contains spaces, it needs to be enclosed in quotes. To give an
example: to open a file at the first occurrence of the word "Foo", you would do:

nano +c/Foo file

As a special case: if instead of a filename a dash (-) is given, nano will read data from standard input.

EDITING
Entering text and moving around in a file is straightforward: typing the letters and using the normal cursor movement
keys. Commands are entered by using the Control (^) and the Alt or Meta (M-) keys. Typing ^K deletes the current
line and puts it in the cutbuffer. Consecutive ^Ks put all deleted lines together in the cutbuffer. Any cursor
movement or executing any other command causes the next ^K to overwrite the cutbuffer. A ^U pastes the current con‐
tents of the cutbuffer at the current cursor position.

When a more precise piece of text needs to be cut or copied, you can mark its start with ^6, move the cursor to its
end (the marked text is highlighted), and then use ^K to cut it, or M-6 to copy it to the cutbuffer. You can also
save the marked text to a file with ^O, or spell check it with ^T^T.

On some terminals, text can be selected also by holding down Shift while using the arrow keys. Holding down the Ctrl
or Alt key too increases the stride. Any cursor movement without Shift being held cancels such a selection.

Any valid Unicode code point can be inserted into the buffer by typing M-V followed by the hexadecimal digits of the
code point (concluded with or when it are fewer than six digits). A literal control code (except ^J)
can be inserted by typing M-V followed by the pertinent keystroke.

The two lines at the bottom of the screen show some important commands; the built-in help (^G) lists all the avail‐
able ones. The default key bindings can be changed via a nanorc file — see nanorc(5).

OPTIONS
-A, --smarthome
Make the Home key smarter. When Home is pressed anywhere but at the very beginning of non-whitespace charac‐
ters on a line, the cursor jumps to that beginning (either forwards or backwards). If the cursor is already
at that position, it jumps to the true beginning of the line.

-B, --backup
When saving a file, back up the previous version of it, using the current filename suffixed with a tilde (~).

-C directory, --backupdir=directory
Make and keep not just one backup file, but make and keep a uniquely numbered one every time a file is saved —
when backups are enabled (-B). The uniquely numbered files are stored in the specified directory.

-D, --boldtext
For the interface, use bold instead of reverse video. This can be overridden for specific elements by setting
the options titlecolor, statuscolor, promptcolor, minicolor, keycolor, numbercolor, and/or selectedcolor in
your nanorc file. See nanorc(5).

-E, --tabstospaces
Convert each typed tab to spaces — to the number of spaces that a tab at that position would take up. (Note:
pasted tabs are not converted.)

-F, --multibuffer
Read a file into a new buffer by default.

-G, --locking
Use vim-style file locking when editing files.

-H, --historylog
Save the last hundred search strings and replacement strings and executed commands, so they can be easily
reused in later sessions.

-I, --ignorercfiles
Don't look at the system's nanorc nor at the user's nanorc.

-J number, --guidestripe=number
Draw a vertical stripe at the given column, to help judge the width of the text. (The color of the stripe can
be changed with set stripecolor in your nanorc file.)

-K, --rawsequences
Interpret escape sequences directly, instead of asking ncurses to translate them. (If you need this option to
get some keys to work properly, it means that the terminfo terminal description that is used does not fully
match the actual behavior of your terminal. This can happen when you ssh into a BSD machine, for example.)
Using this option disables nano's mouse support.

-L, --nonewlines
Don't automatically add a newline when a text does not end with one. (This can cause you to save non-POSIX
text files.)

-M, --trimblanks
Snip trailing whitespace from the wrapped line when automatic hard-wrapping occurs or when text is justified.

-N, --noconvert
Disable automatic conversion of files from DOS/Mac format.

-O, --bookstyle
When justifying, treat any line that starts with whitespace as the beginning of a paragraph (unless auto-in‐
denting is on).

-P, --positionlog
For the 200 most recent files, log the last position of the cursor, and place it at that position again upon
reopening such a file. Also save and restore the positions of any anchors.

-Q "regex", --quotestr="regex"
Set the regular expression for matching the quoting part of a line. The default value is
"^([ \t]*([!#%:;>|}]|//))+". (Note that \t stands for an actual Tab.) This makes it possible to rejustify
blocks of quoted text when composing email, and to rewrap blocks of line comments when writing source code.

-R, --restricted
Restricted mode: don't read or write to any file not specified on the command line. This means: don't read or
write history files; don't allow suspending; don't allow spell checking; don't allow a file to be appended to,
prepended to, or saved under a different name if it already has one; and don't make backup files. Restricted
mode can also be activated by invoking nano with any name beginning with 'r' (e.g. "rnano").

-S, --softwrap
Display over multiple screen rows lines that exceed the screen's width. (You can make this soft-wrapping oc‐
cur at whitespace instead of rudely at the screen's edge, by using also --atblanks.)

-T number, --tabsize=number
Set the size (width) of a tab to number columns. The value of number must be greater than 0. The default
value is 8.

-U, --quickblank
Make status-bar messages disappear after 1 keystroke instead of after 20. Note that option -c (--con‐
stantshow) overrides this. When option --minibar or --zero is in effect, --quickblank makes a message disap‐
pear after 0.8 seconds instead of after the default 1.5 seconds.

-V, --version
Show the current version number and exit.

-W, --wordbounds
Detect word boundaries differently by treating punctuation characters as part of a word.

-X "characters", --wordchars="characters"
Specify which other characters (besides the normal alphanumeric ones) should be considered as part of a word.
When using this option, you probably want to omit -W (--wordbounds).

-Y name, --syntax=name
Specify the name of the syntax highlighting to use from among the ones defined in the nanorc files.

-Z, --zap
Let an unmodified Backspace or Delete erase the marked region (instead of a single character, and without af‐
fecting the cutbuffer).

-a, --atblanks
When doing soft line wrapping, wrap lines at whitespace instead of always at the edge of the screen.

-b, --breaklonglines
Automatically hard-wrap the current line when it becomes overlong, that is: when it becomes wider than the
value given with -r (--fill). The default value for -r is the terminal's width minus eight. (This option is
the opposite of -w (--nowrap) — the last one given takes effect.)

-c, --constantshow
Constantly report the cursor position on the status bar. Note that this overrides option -U (--quickblank).

-d, --rebinddelete
Interpret the Delete and Backspace keys differently so that both Backspace and Delete work properly. You
should only use this option when on your system either Backspace acts like Delete or Delete acts like Back‐
space.

-e, --emptyline
Do not use the line below the title bar, leaving it entirely blank.

-f file, --rcfile=file
Read only this file for setting nano's options, instead of reading both the system-wide and the user's nanorc
files.

-g, --showcursor
Make the cursor visible in the file browser (putting it on the highlighted item) and in the help viewer. Use‐
ful for braille users and people with poor vision.

-h, --help
Show a summary of the available command-line options and exit.

-i, --autoindent
Automatically indent a newly created line to the same number of tabs and/or spaces as the previous line (or as
the next line if the previous line is the beginning of a paragraph).

-j, --jumpyscrolling
Scroll the buffer contents per half-screen instead of per line.

-k, --cutfromcursor
Make the 'Cut Text' command (normally ^K) cut from the current cursor position to the end of the line, instead
of cutting the entire line.

-l, --linenumbers
Display line numbers to the left of the text area. (Any line with an anchor additionally gets a mark in the
margin.)

-m, --mouse
Enable mouse support, if available for your system. When enabled, mouse clicks can be used to place the cur‐
sor, set the mark (with a double click), and execute shortcuts. The mouse works in the X Window System, and
on the console when gpm is running. Text can still be selected through dragging by holding down the Shift
key.

-n, --noread
Treat any name given on the command line as a new file. This allows nano to write to named pipes: it starts
with a blank buffer, and writes to the pipe when the user saves the "file". This way nano can be used as an
editor in combination with for instance gpg without having to write sensitive data to disk first.

-o directory, --operatingdir=directory
Change to the given directory, and allow reading and writing files only in this directory and its subdirecto‐
ries.

-p, --preserve
Preserve the XOFF and XON sequences (^S and ^Q) so that they are caught by the terminal (stopping and resuming
the output). Note that option -/ (--modernbindings) overrides this.

-q, --indicator
Display a "scrollbar" on the righthand side of the edit window. It shows the position of the viewport in the
buffer and how much of the buffer is covered by the viewport.

-r number, --fill=number
Set the target width for justifying and automatic hard-wrapping at this number of columns. If the value is 0
or less, wrapping occurs at the width of the screen minus number columns, allowing the wrap point to vary
along with the width of the screen if the screen is resized. The default value is -8.

-s "program [argument ...]", --speller="program [argument ...]"
Use this command to perform spell checking and correcting, instead of using the built-in corrector that calls
hunspell(1) or spell(1).

-t, --saveonexit
Save a changed buffer without prompting (when exiting with ^X).

-u, --unix
Save a file by default in Unix format. This overrides nano's default behavior of saving a file in the format
that it had. (This option has no effect when you also use --noconvert.)

-v, --view
Just view the file and disallow editing: read-only mode. This mode allows the user to open also other files
for viewing, unless --restricted is given too.

-w, --nowrap
Do not automatically hard-wrap the current line when it becomes overlong. This is the default. (This option
is the opposite of -b (--breaklonglines) — the last one given takes effect.)

-x, --nohelp
Don't show the two help lines at the bottom of the screen.

-y, --afterends
Make Ctrl+Right and Ctrl+Delete stop at word ends instead of beginnings.

-z, --listsyntaxes
List the names of the available syntaxes and exit.

-!, --magic
When neither the file's name nor its first line give a clue, try using libmagic to determine the applicable
syntax.

-@, --colonparsing
When a filename given on the command line ends in a colon plus digits and this filename does not exist, then
snip the colon plus digits and understand the digits as a line number. If the trimmed filename does not exist
either, then repeat the process and understand the obtained two numbers as line and column number. But if the
doubly trimmed filename does not exist either, then forget the trimming and accept the original filename as
is. To disable this colon parsing for some file, use +1 or similar before the relevant filename.

-%, --stateflags
Use the top-right corner of the screen for showing some state flags: I when auto-indenting, M when the mark is
on, L when hard-wrapping (breaking long lines), R when recording a macro, and S when soft-wrapping. When the
buffer is modified, a star (*) is shown after the filename in the center of the title bar.

-_, --minibar
Suppress the title bar and instead show information about the current buffer at the bottom of the screen, in
the space for the status bar. In this "mini bar" the filename is shown on the left, followed by an asterisk
if the buffer has been modified. On the right are displayed the current line and column number, the code of
the character under the cursor (in Unicode format: U+xxxx), the same flags as are shown by --stateflags, and a
percentage that expresses how far the cursor is into the file (linewise). When a file is loaded or saved, and
also when switching between buffers, the number of lines in the buffer is displayed after the filename. This
number is cleared upon the next keystroke, or replaced with an [i/n] counter when multiple buffers are open.
The line plus column numbers and the character code are displayed only when --constantshow is used, and can be
toggled on and off with M-C. The state flags are displayed only when --stateflags is used.

-0, --zero
Hide all elements of the interface (title bar, status bar, and help lines) and use all rows of the terminal
for showing the contents of the buffer. The status bar appears only when there is a significant message, and
disappears after 1.5 seconds or upon the next keystroke. With M-Z the title bar plus status bar can be tog‐
gled. With M-X the help lines.

-/, --modernbindings
Use key bindings similar to the ones that most modern programs use: ^X cuts, ^C copies, ^V pastes, ^Z undoes,
^Y redoes, ^F searches forward, ^G searches next, ^S saves, ^O opens a file, ^Q quits, and (when the terminal
permits) ^H shows help. Furthermore, ^A sets the mark, ^R makes replacements, ^D searches previous, ^P shows
the position, ^T goes to a line, ^W writes out a file, and ^E executes a command. Note that this overrides
option -p (--preserve).

TOGGLES
Several of the above options can be switched on and off also while nano is running. For example, M-L toggles the
hard-wrapping of long lines, M-S toggles soft-wrapping, M-N toggles line numbers, M-M toggles the mouse, M-I auto-in‐
dentation, and M-X the help lines. See at the end of the ^G help text for a complete list.

The M-X toggle is special: it works in all menus except the help viewer and the linter. All other toggles work in
the main menu only.

FILES
When --rcfile is given, nano reads just the specified file for setting its options and syntaxes and key bindings.
Without that option, nano reads two configuration files: first the system's nanorc (if it exists), and then the
user's nanorc (if it exists), either ~/.nanorc or $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nano/nanorc or ~/.config/nano/nanorc, whichever is
encountered first. See nanorc(5) for more information on the possible contents of those files.

See /usr/share/nano/ and /usr/share/nano/extra/ for available syntax-coloring definitions.

EXIT STATUS
0 The editor finished normally.

1 An invalid option or option argument was given.

2 The last open buffer was discarded (with ^O^Q or ^X^Q).

NOTES
Suspension is enabled by default, reachable via ^T^Z. (If you want a plain ^Z to suspend nano, add bind ^Z suspend
main to your nanorc.)

At a Yes-No prompt, ^Y can be used for "Yes", ^N for "No", and ^A for "All". (And when exiting, ^Q can be used for
"Quit with error".) These unlisted bindings work in any locale.

When you want to copy marked text from nano to the system's clipboard, see one of the examples in the nanorc(5) man
page.

If no alternative spell checker command is specified on the command line nor in one of the nanorc files, nano checks
the SPELL environment variable for one.

In some cases nano tries to dump the buffer into an emergency file. This happens mainly if nano receives a SIGHUP or
SIGTERM or runs out of memory. It writes the buffer into a file named nano.save if the buffer didn't have a name al‐
ready, or adds a ".save" suffix to the current filename. If an emergency file with that name already exists in the
current directory, it adds ".save" plus a number (e.g. ".save.1") to the current filename in order to make it unique.
In multibuffer mode, nano writes all open buffers to their respective emergency files.

If you have any question about how to use nano in some specific situation, you can ask on help-nano@gnu.org.

BUGS
The recording and playback of keyboard macros works correctly only on a terminal emulator, not on a Linux console
(VT), because the latter does not by default distinguish modified from unmodified arrow keys.

Please report any other bugs that you encounter via:
https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=nano.

When nano crashes, it saves any modified buffers to emergency .save files. If you are able to reproduce the crash
and you want to get a backtrace, define the environment variable NANO_NOCATCH.

HOMEPAGE
https://nano-editor.org/

Manual: pico

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