Manual: hdparm
HDPARM(8) System Manager's Manual HDPARM(8)
NAME
hdparm - get/set SATA/IDE device parameters
SYNOPSIS
hdparm [options] [device ...]
DESCRIPTION
hdparm provides a command line interface to various kernel interfaces supported by the Linux SATA/PATA/SAS "libata"
subsystem and the older IDE driver subsystem. Many newer (2008 and later) USB drive enclosures now also support
"SAT" (SCSI-ATA Command Translation) and therefore may also work with hdparm. E.g., recent WD "Passport" models and
recent NexStar-3 enclosures. Some options may work correctly only with the latest kernels.
OPTIONS
When no options are given, -acdgkmur is assumed. For "Get/set" options, a query without the optional parameter
(e.g., -d) will query (get) the device state, and with a parameter (e.g., -d0) will set the device state.
-a Get/set sector count for filesystem (software) read-ahead. This is used to improve performance in sequential
reads of large files, by prefetching additional blocks in anticipation of them being needed by the running
task. Many IDE drives also have a separate built-in read-ahead function, which augments this filesystem
(software) read-ahead function.
-A Get/set the IDE drive's read-lookahead feature (usually ON by default). Usage: -A0 (disable) or -A1 (enable).
-b Get/set bus state.
-B Get/set Advanced Power Management feature, if the drive supports it. A low value means aggressive power manā
agement and a high value means better performance. Possible settings range from values 1 through 127 (which
permit spin-down), and values 128 through 254 (which do not permit spin-down). The highest degree of power
management is attained with a setting of 1, and the highest I/O performance with a setting of 254. A value of
255 tells hdparm to disable Advanced Power Management altogether on the drive (not all drives support disā
abling it, but most do).
-c Get/set (E)IDE 32-bit I/O support. A numeric parameter can be used to enable/disable 32-bit I/O support.
Currently supported values include 0 to disable 32-bit I/O support, 1 to enable 32-bit data transfers, and 3
to enable 32-bit data transfers with a special sync sequence required by many chipsets. The value 3 works
with nearly all 32-bit IDE chipsets, but incurs slightly more overhead. Note that "32-bit" refers to data
transfers across a PCI or VLB bus to the interface card only; all (E)IDE drives still have only a 16-bit conā
nection over the ribbon cable from the interface card.
-C Check the current IDE power mode status, which will always be one of unknown (drive does not support this comā
mand), active/idle (normal operation), standby (low power mode, drive has spun down), or sleeping (lowest
power mode, drive is completely shut down). The -S, -y, -Y, and -Z options can be used to manipulate the IDE
power modes.
-d Get/set the "using_dma" flag for this drive. This option now works with most combinations of drives and PCI
interfaces which support DMA and which are known to the kernel IDE driver. It is also a good idea to use the
appropriate -X option in combination with -d1 to ensure that the drive itself is programmed for the correct
DMA mode, although most BIOSs should do this for you at boot time. Using DMA nearly always gives the best
performance, with fast I/O throughput and low CPU usage. But there are at least a few configurations of
chipsets and drives for which DMA does not make much of a difference, or may even slow things down (on really
messed up hardware!). Your mileage may vary.
--dco-freeze
DCO stands for Device Configuration Overlay, a way for vendors to selectively disable certain features of a
drive. The --dco-freeze option will freeze/lock the current drive configuration, thereby preventing software
(or malware) from changing any DCO settings until after the next power-on reset.
--dco-identify
Query and dump information regarding drive configuration settings which can be disabled by the vendor or OEM
installer. These settings show capabilities of the drive which might be disabled by the vendor for "enhanced
compatibility". When disabled, they are otherwise hidden and will not show in the -I identify output. For
example, system vendors sometimes disable 48_bit addressing on large drives, for compatibility (and loss of
capacity) with a specific BIOS. In such cases, --dco-identify will show that the drive is 48_bit capable, but
-I will not show it, and nor will the drive accept 48_bit commands.
--dco-restore
Reset all drive settings, features, and accessible capacities back to factory defaults and full capabilities.
This command will fail if DCO is frozen/locked, or if a -Np maximum size restriction has also been set. This
is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS and will very likely cause massive loss of data. DO NOT USE THIS COMMAND.
--direct
Use the kernel's "O_DIRECT" flag when performing a -t timing test. This bypasses the page cache, causing the
reads to go directly from the drive into hdparm's buffers, using so-called "raw" I/O. In many cases, this can
produce results that appear much faster than the usual page cache method, giving a better indication of raw
device and driver performance.
--drq-hsm-error
VERY DANGEROUS, DON'T EVEN THINK ABOUT USING IT. This option causes hdparm to issue an IDENTIFY command to
the kernel, but incorrectly marked as a "non-data" command. This results in the drive being left with its
DataReQust(DRQ) line "stuck" high. This confuses the kernel drivers, and may crash the system immediately
with massive data loss. The option exists to help in testing and fortifying the kernel against similar real-
world drive malfunctions. VERY DANGEROUS, DO NOT USE!!
-D Enable/disable the on-drive defect management feature, whereby the drive firmware tries to automatically manā
age defective sectors by relocating them to "spare" sectors reserved by the factory for such. Control of this
feature via the -D option is not supported for most modern drives since ATA-4; thus this command may fail.
-E Set cd/dvd drive speed. This is NOT necessary for regular operation, as the drive will automatically switch
speeds on its own. But if you want to play with it, just supply a speed number after the option, usually a
number like 2 or 4. This can be useful in some cases, though, to smooth out DVD video playback.
-f Sync and flush the buffer cache for the device on exit. This operation is also performed internally as part
of the -t and -T timings and other options.
--fallocate
This option currently works only on ext4 and xfs filesystem types. When used, this must be the only option
given. It requires two parameters: the desired file size in kibibytes (byte count divided by 1024), followed
by the pathname for the new file. It will create a new file of the specified size, but without actually havā
ing to write any data to the file. This will normally complete very quickly, and without thrashing the storā
age device.
E.g., create a 10 kibibyte file: hdparm --fallocate 10 temp_file
--fibmap
When used, this must be the only option given. It requires a file path as a parameter, and will print out a
list of the block extents (sector ranges) occupied by that file on disk. Sector numbers are given as absolute
LBA numbers, referenced from sector 0 of the physical device rather than from the partition or filesystem.
This information can then be used for a variety of purposes, such as examining the degree of fragmentation of
larger files, or determining appropriate sectors to deliberately corrupt during fault-injection testing proceā
dures.
This option uses the new FIEMAP (file extent map) ioctl() when available, and falls back to the older FIBMAP
(file block map) ioctl() otherwise. Note that FIBMAP suffers from a 32-bit block-number interface, and thus
not work beyond 8 TB or 16 TB. FIBMAP is also very slow, and does not deal well with preallocated uncommitted
extents in ext4/xfs filesystems, unless a sync() is done before using this option.
--fwdownload
When used, this should be the only option given. It requires a file path immediately after the option, indiā
cating where the new drive firmware should be read from. The contents of this file will be sent to the drive
using the (S)ATA DOWNLOAD MICROCODE command, using either transfer protocol 7 (entire file at once), or, if
the drive supports it, transfer protocol 3 (segmented download). This command is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS and
could destroy both the drive and all data on it. DO NOT USE THIS COMMAND. The --fwdownload-mode3 , --fwdownā
load-mode3-max , and --fwdownload-mode7 variations on basic --fwdownload allow overriding automatic protocol
detection in favour of forcing hdparm to use a specific transfer protocol, for testing purposes only.
-F Flush the on-drive write cache buffer (older drives may not implement this).
-g Display the drive geometry (cylinders, heads, sectors), the size (in sectors) of the device, and the starting
offset (in sectors) of the device from the beginning of the drive.
-h Display terse usage information (help).
-H Read the temperature from some (mostly Hitachi) drives. Also reports if the temperature is within operating
condition range (this may not be reliable). Does not cause the drive to spin up if idle.
-i Display the identification info which the kernel drivers (IDE, libata) have stored from boot/configuration
time. This may differ from the current information obtainable directly from the drive itself with the -I opā
tion. The data returned may or may not be current, depending on activity since booting the system. For a
more detailed interpretation of the identification info, refer to AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives,
ANSI ASC X3T9.2 working draft, revision 4a, April 19/93, and later editions.
--idle-immediate
Issue an ATA IDLE_IMMEDIATE command, to put the drive into a lower power state. Usually the device remains
spun-up.
--idle-unload
Issue an ATA IDLE_IMMEDIATE_WITH_UNLOAD command, to unload or park the heads and put the drive into a lower
power state. Usually the device remains spun-up.
-I Request identification info directly from the drive, which is displayed in a new expanded format with considā
erably more detail than with the older -i option.
--Iraw
This option dumps the drive's identify data in raw binary to the specified file.
--Istdin
This is a special variation on the -I option, which accepts a drive identification block as standard input inā
stead of using a /dev/hd* parameter. The format of this block must be exactly the same as that found in the
/proc/ide/*/hd*/identify "files", or that produced by the --Istdout option described below. This variation is
designed for use with collected "libraries" of drive identification information, and can also be used on ATAPI
drives which may give media errors with the standard mechanism. When --Istdin is used, it must be the *only*
parameter given. Note that some information will be incomplete, as the drive LOG PAGES are unavailable when
--Istdin is used.
--Istdout
This option dumps the drive's identify data in hex to stdout, in a format similar to that from
/proc/ide/*/identify, and suitable for later use with the --Istdin option.
-J Get/set the Western Digital (WD) Green Drive's "idle3" timeout value. This timeout controls how often the
drive parks its heads and enters a low power consumption state. The factory default is eight (8) seconds,
which is a very poor choice for use with Linux. Leaving it at the default will result in hundreds of thouā
sands of head load/unload cycles in a very short period of time. The drive mechanism is only rated for
300,000 to 1,000,000 cycles, so leaving it at the default could result in premature failure, not to mention
the performance impact of the drive often having to wake-up before doing routine I/O.
WD supply a WDIDLE3.EXE DOS utility for tweaking this setting, and you should use that program instead of hdā
parm if at all possible. The reverse-engineered implementation in hdparm is not as complete as the original
official program, even though it does seem to work on at a least a few drives. A full power cycle is required
for any change in setting to take effect, regardless of which program is used to tweak things.
A setting of 30 seconds is recommended for Linux use. Permitted values are from 8 to 12 seconds, and from 30
to 300 seconds in 30-second increments. Specify a value of zero (0) to disable the WD idle3 timer completely
(NOT RECOMMENDED!).
-k Get/set the "keep_settings_over_reset" flag for the drive. When this flag is set, the drive will preserve the
-dmu settings over a soft reset, (as done during the error recovery sequence). This option defaults to off,
to prevent drive reset loops which could be caused by combinations of -dmu settings. The -k option should
therefore only be set after one has achieved confidence in correct system operation with a chosen set of conā
figuration settings. In practice, all that is typically necessary to test a configuration (prior to using -k)
is to verify that the drive can be read/written, and that no error logs (kernel messages) are generated in the
process (look in /var/log/messages on most systems).
-K Set the drive's "keep_features_over_reset" flag. Setting this enables the drive to retain the settings for
-APSWXZ over a soft reset (as done during the error recovery sequence). Not all drives support this feature.
-L Set the drive's doorlock flag. Setting this to 1 will lock the door mechanism of some removable hard drives
(e.g., Syquest, ZIP, Jazz..), and setting it to 0 will unlock the door mechanism. Normally, Linux maintains
the door locking mechanism automatically, depending on drive usage (locked whenever a filesystem is mounted).
But on system shutdown, this can be a nuisance if the root partition is on a removable disk, since the root
partition is left mounted (read-only) after shutdown. So, by using this command to unlock the door after the
root filesystem is remounted read-only, one can then remove the cartridge from the drive after shutdown.
-m Get/set sector count for multiple sector I/O on the drive. A setting of 0 disables this feature. Multiple
sector mode (aka IDE Block Mode), is a feature of most modern IDE hard drives, permitting the transfer of mulā
tiple sectors per I/O interrupt, rather than the usual one sector per interrupt. When this feature is enā
abled, it typically reduces operating system overhead for disk I/O by 30ā50%. On many systems, it also proā
vides increased data throughput of anywhere from 5% to 50%. Some drives, however (most notably the WD Caviar
series), seem to run slower with multiple mode enabled. Your mileage may vary. Most drives support the miniā
mum settings of 2, 4, 8, or 16 (sectors). Larger settings may also be possible, depending on the drive. A
setting of 16 or 32 seems optimal on many systems. Western Digital recommends lower settings of 4 to 8 on
many of their drives, due tiny (32 KiB) drive buffers and non-optimized buffering algorithms. The -i option
can be used to find the maximum setting supported by an installed drive (look for MaxMultSect in the output).
Some drives claim to support multiple mode, but lose data at some settings. Under rare circumstances, such
failures can result in massive filesystem corruption.
--make-bad-sector
Deliberately create a bad sector (aka. "media error") on the disk. EXCEPTIONALLY DANGEROUS. DO NOT USE THIS
OPTION!! This can be useful for testing of device/RAID error recovery mechanisms. The sector number is given
as a (base10) parameter after the option. Depending on the device, hdparm will choose one of two possible ATA
commands for corrupting the sector. The WRITE_LONG works on most drives, but only up to the 28-bit sector
boundary. Some very recent drives (2008) may support the new WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command, which works for
any LBA48 sector. If available, hdparm will use that in preference to WRITE_LONG. The WRITE_UNCORā
RECTABLE_EXT command itself presents a choice of how the new bad sector should behave. By default, it will
look like any other bad sector, and the drive may take some time to retry and fail on subsequent READs of the
sector. However, if a single letter f is prepended immediately in front of the first digit of the sector numā
ber parameter, then hdparm will issue a "flagged" WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT, which causes the drive to merely
flag the sector as bad (rather than genuinely corrupt it), and subsequent READs of the sector will fail immeā
diately (rather than after several retries). Note also that the --repair-sector option can be used to restore
(any) bad sectors when they are no longer needed, including sectors that were genuinely bad (the drive will
likely remap those to a fresh area on the media).
-M Get/set Automatic Acoustic Management (AAM) setting. Most modern harddisk drives have the ability to speed
down the head movements to reduce their noise output. The possible values are between 0 and 254. 128 is the
most quiet (and therefore slowest) setting and 254 the fastest (and loudest). Some drives have only two levels
(quiet / fast), while others may have different levels between 128 and 254. At the moment, most drives only
support 3 options, off, quiet, and fast. These have been assigned the values 0, 128, and 254 at present, reā
spectively, but integer space has been incorporated for future expansion, should this change.
-n Get or set the "ignore_write_errors" flag in the driver. Do NOT play with this without grokking the driver
source code first.
-N Get/set max visible number of sectors, also known as the Host Protected Area setting. Without a parameter, -N
displays the current setting, which is reported as two values: the first gives the current max sectors setā
ting, and the second shows the native (real) hardware limit for the disk. The difference between these two
values indicates how many sectors of the disk are currently hidden from the operating system, in the form of a
Host Protected Area (HPA). This area is often used by computer makers to hold diagnostic software, and/or a
copy of the originally provided operating system for recovery purposes. Another possible use is to hide the
true capacity of a very large disk from a BIOS/system that cannot normally cope with drives of that size
(e.g., most current {2010} BIOSs cannot deal with drives larger than 2 TB, so an HPA could be used to cause a
3 TB drive to report itself as a 2 TB drive). To change the current max (VERY DANGEROUS, DATA LOSS IS EXā
TREMELY LIKELY), a new value should be provided (in base10) immediately following the -N option. This value
is specified as a count of sectors, rather than the "max sector address" of the drive. Drives have the conā
cept of a temporary (volatile) setting which is lost on the next hardware reset, as well as a more permanent
(non-volatile) value which survives resets and power cycles. By default, -N affects only the temporary
(volatile) setting. To change the permanent (non-volatile) value, prepend a leading p character immediately
before the first digit of the value. Drives are supposed to allow only a single permanent change per session.
A hardware reset (or power cycle) is required before another permanent -N operation can succeed. Note that
any attempt to set this value may fail if the disk is being accessed by other software at the same time. This
is because setting the value requires a pair of back-to-back drive commands, but there is no way to prevent
some other command from being inserted between them by the kernel. So if it fails initially, just try again.
Kernel support for -N is buggy for many adapter types across many kernel versions, in that an incorrect (too
small) max size value is sometimes reported. As of the 2.6.27 kernel, this does finally seem to be working on
most hardware.
--offset
Offsets to given number of GiB (1024*1024*1024) when performing -t timings of device reads. Speed changes
(about twice) along many mechanical drives. Usually the maximum is at the beginning, but not always. Solid-
state drives (SSDs) should show similar timings regardless of offset.
-p Attempt to reprogram the IDE interface chipset for the specified PIO mode, or attempt to auto-tune for the
"best" PIO mode supported by the drive. This feature is supported in the kernel for only a few "known"
chipsets, and even then the support is iffy at best. Some IDE chipsets are unable to alter the PIO mode for a
single drive, in which case this option may cause the PIO mode for both drives to be set. Many IDE chipsets
support either fewer or more than the standard six (0 to 5) PIO modes, so the exact speed setting that is acā
tually implemented will vary by chipset/driver sophistication. Use with extreme caution! This feature inā
cludes zero protection for the unwary, and an unsuccessful outcome may result in severe filesystem corruption!
-P Set the maximum sector count for the drive's internal prefetch mechanism. Not all drives support this feaā
ture, and it was dropped from the official spec as of ATA-4.
--prefer-ata12
When using the SAT (SCSI ATA Translation) protocol, hdparm normally prefers to use the 16-byte command format
whenever possible. But some USB drive enclosures don't work correctly with 16-byte commands. This option can
be used to force use of the smaller 12-byte command format with such drives. hdparm will still revert to
16-byte commands for things that cannot be done with the 12-byte format (e.g., sector accesses beyond
28-bits).
-q Handle the next option quietly, suppressing normal output (but not error messages). This is useful for reducā
ing screen clutter when running from system startup scripts. Not applicable to the -i or -v or -t or -T opā
tions.
-Q Get or set the device's command queue_depth, if supported by the hardware. This only works with 2.6.xx (or
later) kernels, and only with device and driver combinations which support changing the queue_depth. For SATA
disks, this is the Native Command Queuing (NCQ) queue depth.
-r Get/set read-only flag for the device. When set, Linux disallows write operations on the device.
-R Get/set Write-Read-Verify feature, if the drive supports it. Usage: -R0 (disable) or -R1 (enable). This feaā
ture is intended to have the drive firmware automatically read-back any data that is written by software, to
verify that the data was successfully written. This is generally overkill, and can slow down disk writes by
as much as a factor of two (or more).
--read-sector
Reads from the specified sector number, and dumps the contents in hex to standard output. The sector number
must be given (base10) after this option. hdparm will issue a low-level read (completely bypassing the usual
block layer read/write mechanisms) for the specified sector. This can be used to definitively check whether a
given sector is bad (media error) or not (doing so through the usual mechanisms can sometimes give false posiā
tives).
--repair-sector
This is an alias for the --write-sector option. VERY DANGEROUS.
-s Enable/disable the power-on in standby feature, if supported by the drive. VERY DANGEROUS. Do not use unless
you are absolutely certain that both the system BIOS (or firmware) and the operating system kernel (Linux >=
2.6.22) support probing for drives that use this feature. When enabled, the drive is powered-up in the
standby mode to allow the controller to sequence the spin-up of devices, reducing the instantaneous current
draw burden when many drives share a power supply. Primarily for use in large RAID setups. This feature is
usually disabled and the drive is powered-up in the active mode (see -C above). Note that a drive may also
allow enabling this feature by a jumper. Some SATA drives support the control of this feature by pin 11 of
the SATA power connector. In these cases, this command may be unsupported or may have no effect.
-S Put the drive into idle (low-power) mode, and also set the standby (spindown) timeout for the drive. This
timeout value is used by the drive to determine how long to wait (with no disk activity) before turning off
the spindle motor to save power. Under such circumstances, the drive may take as long as 30 seconds to reā
spond to a subsequent disk access, though most drives are much quicker. The encoding of the timeout value is
somewhat peculiar. A value of zero means "timeouts are disabled": the device will not automatically enter
standby mode. Values from 1 to 240 specify multiples of 5 seconds, yielding timeouts from 5 seconds to 20
minutes. Values from 241 to 251 specify from 1 to 11 units of 30 minutes, yielding timeouts from 30 minutes
to 5.5 hours. A value of 252 signifies a timeout of 21 minutes. A value of 253 sets a vendor-defined timeout
period between 8 and 12 hours, and the value 254 is reserved. 255 is interpreted as 21 minutes plus 15 secā
onds. Note that some older drives may have very different interpretations of these values.
--set-sector-size
For drives which support reconfiguring of the Logical Sector Size, this flag can be used to specify the new
desired sector size in bytes. VERY DANGEROUS. This most likely will scramble all data on the drive. The
specified size must be one of 512, 520, 528, 4096, 4160, or 4224. Very few drives support values other than
512 and 4096. Eg. hdparm --set-sector-size 4096 /dev/sdb
-t Perform timings of device reads for benchmark and comparison purposes. For meaningful results, this operation
should be repeated 2ā3 times on an otherwise inactive system (no other active processes) with at least a couā
ple of megabytes of free memory. This displays the speed of reading through the buffer cache to the disk
without any prior caching of data. This measurement is an indication of how fast the drive can sustain seā
quential data reads under Linux, without any filesystem overhead. To ensure accurate measurements, the buffer
cache is flushed during the processing of -t using the BLKFLSBUF ioctl.
-T Perform timings of cache reads for benchmark and comparison purposes. For meaningful results, this operation
should be repeated 2ā3 times on an otherwise inactive system (no other active processes) with at least a couā
ple of megabytes of free memory. This displays the speed of reading directly from the Linux buffer cache
without disk access. This measurement is essentially an indication of the throughput of the processor, cache,
and memory of the system under test.
--trim-sector-ranges
For Solid State Drives (SSDs). EXCEPTIONALLY DANGEROUS. DO NOT USE THIS OPTION!! Tells the drive firmware to
discard unneeded data sectors, destroying any data that may have been present within them. This makes those
sectors available for immediate use by the firmware's garbage collection mechanism, to improve scheduling for
wear-leveling of the flash media. This option expects one or more sector range pairs immediately after the
option: an LBA starting address, a colon, and a sector count (max 65535), with no intervening spaces. EXCEPā
TIONALLY DANGEROUS. DO NOT USE THIS OPTION!!
E.g., hdparm --trim-sector-ranges 1000:4 7894:16 /dev/sdz
--trim-sector-ranges-stdin
Identical to --trim-sector-ranges above, except the list of lba:count pairs is read from stdin rather than beā
ing specified on the command line. This can be used to avoid problems with excessively long command lines.
It also permits batching of many more sector ranges into single commands to the drive, up to the currently
configured transfer limit (max_sectors_kb).
-u Get/set the interrupt-unmask flag for the drive. A setting of 1 permits the driver to unmask other interrupts
during processing of a disk interrupt, which greatly improves Linux's responsiveness and eliminates "serial
port overrun" errors. Use this feature with caution: some drive/controller combinations do not tolerate the
increased I/O latencies possible when this feature is enabled, resulting in massive filesystem corruption. In
particular, CMD-640B and RZ1000 (E)IDE interfaces can be unreliable (due to a hardware flaw) when this option
is used with kernel versions earlier than 2.0.13. Disabling the IDE prefetch feature of these interfaces
(usually a BIOS/CMOS setting) provides a safe fix for the problem for use with earlier kernels.
-v Display some basic settings, similar to -acdgkmur for IDE. This is also the default behaviour when no options
are specified.
-V Display program version and exit immediately.
--verbose
Display extra diagnostics from some commands.
-w Perform a device reset (DANGEROUS). Do NOT use this option. It exists for unlikely situations where a reboot
might otherwise be required to get a confused drive back into a useable state.
--write-sector
Writes zeros to the specified sector number. VERY DANGEROUS. The sector number must be given (base10) after
this option. hdparm will issue a low-level write (completely bypassing the usual block layer read/write mechā
anisms) to the specified sector. This can be used to force a drive to repair a bad sector (media error).
-W Get/set the IDE/SATA drive's write-caching feature.
-X Set the IDE transfer mode for (E)IDE/ATA drives. This is typically used in combination with -d1 when enabling
DMA to/from a drive on a supported interface chipset, where -X mdma2 is used to select multiword DMA mode2
transfers and -X sdma1 is used to select simple mode 1 DMA transfers. With systems which support UltraDMA
burst timings, -X udma2 is used to select UltraDMA mode2 transfers (you'll need to prepare the chipset for Ulā
traDMA beforehand). Apart from that, use of this option is seldom necessary since most/all modern IDE drives
default to their fastest PIO transfer mode at power-on. Fiddling with this can be both needless and risky.
On drives which support alternate transfer modes, -X can be used to switch the mode of the drive only. Prior
to changing the transfer mode, the IDE interface should be jumpered or programmed (see -p option) for the new
mode setting to prevent loss and/or corruption of data. Use this with extreme caution! For the PIO (Proā
grammed Input/Output) transfer modes used by Linux, this value is simply the desired PIO mode number plus 8.
Thus, a value of 09 sets PIO mode1, 10 enables PIO mode2, and 11 selects PIO mode3. Setting 00 restores the
drive's "default" PIO mode, and 01 disables IORDY. For multiword DMA, the value used is the desired DMA mode
number plus 32. for UltraDMA, the value is the desired UltraDMA mode number plus 64.
-y Force an IDE drive to immediately enter the low power consumption standby mode, usually causing it to spin
down. The current power mode status can be checked using the -C option.
-Y Force an IDE drive to immediately enter the lowest power consumption sleep mode, causing it to shut down comā
pletely. A hard or soft reset is required before the drive can be accessed again (the Linux IDE driver will
automatically handle issuing a reset if/when needed). The current power mode status can be checked using the
-C option.
-z Force a kernel re-read of the partition table of the specified device(s).
-Z Disable the automatic power-saving function of certain Seagate drives (ST3xxx models?), to prevent them from
idling/spinning-down at inconvenient times.
ATA Security Feature Set
These switches are DANGEROUS to experiment with, and might not work with some kernels. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK.
--security-help
Display terse usage info for all of the --security-* options.
--security-freeze
Freeze the drive's security settings. The drive does not accept any security commands until next power-on reā
set. Use this function in combination with --security-unlock to protect drive from any attempt to set a new
password. Can be used standalone, too. No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--security-prompt-for-password
Prompt for the --security PWD rather than getting from the command line args. This avoids having passwords
show up in shell history or in /proc/self/cmdline during execution.
--security-unlock PWD
Unlock the drive, using password PWD. Password is given as an ASCII string and is padded with NULs to reach
32 bytes. The applicable drive password is selected with the --user-master switch (default is "user" passā
word). No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--security-set-pass PWD
Lock the drive, using password PWD (Set Password) (DANGEROUS). Password is given as an ASCII string and is
padded with NULs to reach 32 bytes. Use the special password NULL to set an empty password. The applicable
drive password is selected with the --user-master switch (default is "user" password) and the applicable secuā
rity mode with the --security-mode switch. No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--security-disable PWD
Disable drive locking, using password PWD. Password is given as an ASCII string and is padded with NULs to
reach 32 bytes. The applicable drive password is selected with the --user-master switch (default is "user"
password). No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--security-erase PWD
Erase (locked) drive, using password PWD (DANGEROUS). Password is given as an ASCII string and is padded with
NULs to reach 32 bytes. Use the special password NULL to represent an empty password. The applicable drive
password is selected with the --user-master switch (default is "user" password). No other options are permitā
ted on the command line with this one.
--security-erase-enhanced PWD
Enhanced erase (locked) drive, using password PWD (DANGEROUS). Password is given as an ASCII string and is
padded with NULs to reach 32 bytes. The applicable drive password is selected with the --user-master switch
(default is "user" password). No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--user-master USER
Specifies which password (user/master) to select. Defaults to user password. Only useful in combination with
--security-unlock, --security-set-pass, --security-disable, --security-erase or --security-erase-enhanced.
u user password
m master password
--security-mode MODE
Specifies which security mode (high/maximum) to set. Defaults to high. Only useful in combination with --seā
curity-set-pass.
h high security
m maximum security
THIS FEATURE IS EXPERIMENTAL AND NOT WELL TESTED. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK.
FILES
/etc/hdparm.conf
BUGS
As noted above, the -m sectcount and -u 1 options should be used with caution at first, preferably on a read-only
filesystem. Most drives work well with these features, but a few drive/controller combinations are not 100% compatiā
ble. Filesystem corruption may result. Backup everything before experimenting!
Some options (e.g., -r for SCSI) may not work with old kernels as necessary ioctl()'s were not supported.
Although this utility is intended primarily for use with SATA/IDE hard disk devices, several of the options are also
valid (and permitted) for use with SCSI hard disk devices and MFM/RLL hard disks with XT interfaces.
The Linux kernel up until 2.6.12 (and probably later) doesn't handle the security unlock and disable commands graceā
fully and will segfault and in some cases even panic. The security commands however might indeed have been executed
by the drive. This poor kernel behaviour makes the PIO data security commands rather useless at the moment.
Note that the "security erase" and "security disable" commands have been implemented as two consecutive PIO data comā
mands and will not succeed on a locked drive because the second command will not be issued after the segfault. See
the code for hints how patch it to work around this problem. Despite the segfault it is often still possible to run
two instances of hdparm consecutively and issue the two necessary commands that way.
AUTHOR
hdparm has been written by Mark Lord , the original primary developer and maintainer of the (E)IDE
driver for Linux, and current contributor to the libata subsystem, along with suggestions and patches from many netā
folk.
The disable Seagate auto-powersaving code is courtesy of Tomi Leppikangas(tomilepp@paju.oulu.fi).
Security freeze command by Benjamin Benz, 2005.
PIO data out security commands by Leonard den Ottolander, 2005. Some other parts by Benjamin Benz and others.
SEE ALSO
http://www.t13.org/ Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment (ATA/ATAPI) Interface.
http://www.serialata.org/ Serial ATA International Organization.
http://www.compactflash.org/ CompactFlash Association.
Version 9.65 Sep 2022 HDPARM(8)