Manual: Fvwm2Perl
FvwmPerl(1) Fvwm Modules FvwmPerl(1)
NAME
FvwmPerl - the fvwm perl manipulator and preprocessor
SYNOPSIS
FvwmPerl should be spawned by fvwm(1) for normal functionality.
To run this module, place this command somewhere in the configuration:
Module FvwmPerl [params]
or:
ModuleSynchronize FvwmPerl [params]
if you want to immediately start to send commands to FvwmPerl.
DESCRIPTION
This module is intended to extend fvwm commands with the perl scripting power. It enables to embed perl expressions
in the fvwm config files and construct fvwm commands.
INVOCATION
If you want to invoke the unique and persistent instanse of FvwmPerl, it is suggested to do this from the
StartFunction. Calling it from the top is also possible, but involves some issues not discussed here.
AddToFunc StartFunction I Module FvwmPerl
There are several command line switches:
FvwmPerl [ --eval line ] [ --load file ] [ --preprocess [ --quote char ] [ --winid wid ] [ --cmd ] [ --nosend ] [
--noremove ] [ line | file ] ] [ --export [names] ] [ --stay ] [ --nolock ] [ alias ]
Long switches may be abbreviated to short one-letter switches.
-e|--eval line - evaluate the given perl code
-l|--load file - evaluate perl code in the given file
-p|--preprocess [ file ] - preprocess the given fvwm config file
The following 5 options are only valid together with --preprocess option.
-c|--cmd line - an fvwm command to be preprocessed instead of file
-q|--quote char - change the default '%' quote
-w|--winid wid - set explicit window context (should begin with digit, may be in oct or hex form; this window id
overwrites implicit window context if any)
--nosend - do not send the preprocessed file to fvwm for Reading, the default is send. Useful for preprocessing non
fvwm config files.
--noremove - do not remove the preprocessed file after sending it to fvwm for Reading, the default is remove. Useful
for debugging.
-x|--export [names] - define fvwm shortcut functions (by default, two functions named "Eval" and "."). This option
implies --stay.
-s|--stay - continues an execution after --eval, --load or --preprocess are processed. By default, the module is not
persistent in this case, i.e. --nostay is assumed.
--nolock - when one of the 3 action options is given, this option causes unlocking fvwm immediately. By default the
requested action is executed synchronously; this only makes difference when invoked like:
ModuleSynchronous FvwmPerl --preprocess someconfig.ppp
If --nolock is added here, ModuleSynchronous returns immediately. Note that Module returns immediately regardless of
this option.
USING ALIAS
Aliases allow one to have several module invocations and work separately with all invocations, here is an example:
ModuleSynchronous FvwmPerl FvwmPerl-JustTest
SendToModule FvwmPerl-JustTest eval $a = 2 + 2; $b = $a
SendToModule FvwmPerl-JustTest eval cmd("Echo 2 + 2 = $b")
KillModule FvwmPerl FvwmPerl-JustTest
PREPROCESSING EXAMPLE
One of the effective proprocessing solutions is to pass the whole fvwm configuration with embedded perl code to
"FvwmPerl --preprocess". An alternative approach is to write a perl script that produces fvwm commands and sends them
for execution, this script may be loaded using "FvwmPerl --load". There are however intermediate solutions that
preprocess only separate configuration lines (or alternatively, execute separate perl commands that produce fvwm
commands).
The following code snippet adds ability of arithmetics and string scripting to certain lines that need this. To use
this, you want to start FvwmPerl as your first command so that other commands may be asked to be preprosessed.
ModuleSynchronize FvwmPerl
AddToFunc .
+ I SendToModule FvwmPerl preprocess -c -- $*
. Exec exec xterm -name xterm-%{++$i}% # use unique name
. GotoDesk 0 %{ $[desk.n] + 1 }% # go to next desk
. Exec exec %{ -x "/usr/bin/X11/aterm" ? "aterm" : "xterm" }% -sb
# center a window
Next (MyWindow) . Move \
%{($WIDTH - $[w.width]) / 2}%p %{($HEIGHT - $[w.height]) / 2}%p
. Exec exec xmessage %{2 + 2}% # simple calculator
. %{main::show_message(2 + 2, "Yet another Calculator"); ""}%
ACTIONS
There are several actions that FvwmPerl may perform:
eval perl-code
Evaluate a line of perl code.
A special function cmd("command") may be used in perl code to send commands back to fvwm.
If perl code contains an error, it is printed to the standard error stream with the [FvwmPerl][eval]: header
prepended.
load file-name
Load a file of perl code. If the file is not fully qualified, it is searched in the user directory $FVWM_USERDIR
(usually ~/.fvwm) and the system wide data directory $FVWM_DATADIR.
A special function cmd("command") may be used in perl code to send commands back to fvwm.
If perl code contains an error, it is printed to the standard error stream with the [FvwmPerl][load]: header
prepended.
preprocess [-q|--quote char] [-c|--cmd] [line | file]
Preprocess fvwm config file or (if --cmd is given) line. This file contains lines that are not touched (usually
fvwm commands) and specially preformatted perl code that is processed and replaced. Text enclosed in %{ ... }%
delimiters, that may start anywhere on the line and end anywhere on the same or another line, is perl code.
The quote parameter changes perl code delimiters. If a single char is given, like '@', the delimiters are @{ ...
}@. If the given quote is 2 chars, like <>, the quotes are <{ ... }>
The perl code is substituted for the result of its evaluation. I.e. %{$a = "c"; ++$a}% is replaced with "d".
The evaluation is unlike eval and load is done under the package PreprocessNamespace and without use strict, so
you are free to use any variable names without fear of conflicts. Just don't use uninitialized variables to mean
undef or empty list (they may be in fact initialized by the previous preprocess action), and do a clean-up if
needed. The variables and function in the main package are still available, like ::cmd() or ::skip(), but it is
just not a good idea to access them while preprocessing.
There is a special function include(file) that loads a file, preprocesses it and returns the preprocessed result.
Avoid recursion.
If any embedded perl code contains an error, it is printed to the standard error stream and prepended with the
[FvwmPerl][preprocess]: header. The result of substitution is empty in this case.
The following variables may be used in the perl code:
$USER, $DISPLAY, $WIDTH, $HEIGHT, $FVWM_VERSION, $FVWM_MODULEDIR, $FVWM_DATADIR, $FVWM_USERDIR
The following line based directives are recognized when preprocessing. They are processed after the perl code (if
any) is substituted.
%Repeat count
Causes the following lines to be repeated count times.
%ModuleConfig module-name [ destroy ]
Causes the following lines to be interpreted as the given module configuration. If "destroy" is specified the
previous module configuration is destroyed first.
%Prefix prefix
Prefixes the following lines with the quoted prefix.
%End any-optional-comment
Ends any of the directives described above, may be nested.
Examples:
%Prefix "AddToFunc SwitchToWindow I"
Iconify off
WindowShade off
Raise
WarpToWindow 50 50
%End
%ModuleConfig FvwmPager destroy
Colorset 0
Font lucidasans-10
DeskTopScale 28
MiniIcons
%End ModuleConfig FvwmPager
%Prefix "All (MyWindowToAnimate) ResizeMove "
100 100 %{($WIDTH - 100) / 2}% %{($HEIGHT - 100) / 2}%
%Repeat %{$count}%
br w+2c w+2c w-1c w-1c
%End
%Repeat %{$count}%
br w-2c w-2c w+1c w+1c
%End
%End Prefix
Additional preprocess parameters --nosend and --noremove may be given too. See their description at the top.
export [func-names]
Send to fvwm the definition of shortcut functions that help to activate different actions of the module (i.e.
eval, load and preprocess).
Function names (func-names) may be separated by commas or/and whitespace. By default, two functions "Eval" and
"." are assumed.
The actual action defined in a function is guessed from the function name if possible, where function name "." is
reserved for preprocess action.
For example, any of these two fvwm commands
SendToModule MyPerl export PerlEval,PP
FvwmPerl --export PerlEval,PP MyPerl
define the following two shortcut functions:
DestroyFunc PerlEval
AddToFunc I SendToModule MyPerl eval $*
DestroyFunc PP
AddToFunc I SendToModule MyPerl preprocess -c -- $*
These 4 actions may be requested in one of 3 ways: 1) in the command line when FvwmPerl is invoked (in this case
FvwmPerl is short-lived unless --stay or --export is also given), 2) by sending the corresponding message in fvwm
config using SendToModule, 3) by calling the corresponding perl function in perl code.
FUNCTIONS
There are several functions that perl code may call:
cmd($fvwm_command)
In case of eval or load - send back to fvwm a string $fvwm_command. In case of preprocess - append a string
$fvwm_command to the output of the embedded perl code.
do_eval($perl_code)
This function is equivalent to the eval functionality on the string $perl_code, described above.
load($filename)
This function is equivalent to the load functionality on the file $filename, described above.
preprocess(@params, ["-c $command"] [$filename])
This function is equivalent to the preprocess functionality with the given parameters and the file $filename
described above.
export($func_names, [$do_unexport])
This function is equivalent to the export functionality with the given $func_names, described above. May also
unexport the function names if the second parameter is true.
Function names should be separated by commas or/and whitespace. If $func_names is empty then functions "Eval" and
"." are assumed.
stop()
Terminates the module.
skip()
Skips the rest of the event callback code, i.e. the module returns to listen to new module events.
unlock()
Unsynchronizes the event callback from fvwm. This may be useful to prevent deadlocks, i.e. usually fvwm kills the
non-responding module if the event callback is not finished in ModuleTimeout seconds. This prevents it.
This example causes FvwmPerl to suspend its execution for one minute:
SendModule FvwmPerl eval unlock(); sleep(60);
However, verify that there is no way a new message is sent by fvwm while the module is busy, and fvwm stays
locked on this new message for too long. See also the detach solution if you need long lasting operations.
detach()
Forks and detaches the rest of the event callback code from the main process. This may be useful to prevent
killing the module if its event callback should take a long time to complete and it may be done in the detached
child. The detached child may still send commands to fvwm (don't rely on this), but not receive the events of
course, it exits immediately after the callback execution is finished.
If you use detach(), better only send commands to fvwm in one process (the main one or the detached one), doing
otherwise may often cause conflicts.
show_message($msg, $title[, $use_stderr_too=1])
Shows a dialog window with the given message, using whichever X tool is found in the system.
See FVWM::Module::Toolkit::show_message for more information.
VARIABLES
There are several global variables in the main namespace that may be used in the perl code:
$a, $b, ... $h
@a, @b, ... @h
%a, %b, ... %h
They all are initialized to the empty value and may be used to store a state between different calls to FvwmPerl
actions (eval and load).
If you need more readable variable names, either write "no strict 'vars';" at the start of every perl code or use a
hash for this, like:
$h{id} = $h{first_name} . " " . $h{second_name}
or use a package name, like:
@MyMenu::terminals = qw( xterm rxvt );
$MyMenu::item_num = @MyMenu::terminals;
There may be a configuration option to turn strictness on and off.
MESSAGES
FvwmPerl may receive messages using the fvwm command SendToModule. The names, meanings and parameters of the messages
are the same as the corresponding actions, described above.
Additionally, a message stop causes a module to quit.
A message unexport [func-names] undoes the effect of export, described in the ACTIONS section.
A message dump dumps the contents of the changed variables (not yet).
EXAMPLES
A simple test:
SendToModule FvwmPerl eval $h{dir} = $ENV{HOME}
SendToModule FvwmPerl eval load($h{dir} . "/test.fpl")
SendToModule FvwmPerl load $[HOME]/test.fpl
SendToModule FvwmPerl preprocess config.ppp
SendToModule FvwmPerl export Eval,PerlEval,PerlLoad,PerlPP
SendToModule FvwmPerl unexport PerlEval,PerlLoad,PerlPP
SendToModule FvwmPerl stop
The following example handles root backgrounds in fvwmrc. All these commands may be added to StartFunction.
Module FvwmPerl --export PerlEval
# find all background pixmaps for a later use
PerlEval $a = $ENV{HOME} . "/bg"; \
opendir DIR, $a; @b = grep { /xpm$/ } readdir(DIR); closedir DIR
# build a menu of background pixmaps
AddToMenu MyBackgrounds "My Backgrounds" Title
PerlEval foreach $b (@b) \
{ cmd("AddToMenu MyBackgrounds '$b' Exec fvwm-root $a/$b") }
# choose a random background to load on start-up
PerlEval cmd("AddToFunc \
InitFunction + I Exec exec fvwm-root $a/" . $b[int(random(@b))])
ESCAPING
SendToModule just like any other fvwm commands expands several dollar prefixed variables. This may clash with the
dollars perl uses. You may avoid this by prefixing SendToModule with a leading dash. The following 2 lines in each
pair are equivalent:
SendToModule FvwmPerl eval $$d = "$[DISPLAY]"
-SendToModule FvwmPerl eval $d = "$ENV{DISPLAY}"
SendToModule FvwmPerl eval \
cmd("Echo desk=$d, display=$$d")
SendToModule FvwmPerl preprocess -c \
Echo desk=%("$d")%, display=%{$$d}%
Another solution to avoid escaping of special symbols like dollars and backslashes is to create a perl file in
~/.fvwm and then load it:
SendToModule FvwmPerl load build-menus.fpl
If you need to preprocess one command starting with a dash, you should precede it using "--".
# this prints the current desk, i.e. "0"
SendToModule FvwmPerl preprocess -c Echo "$%{$a = "c"; ++$a}%"
# this prints "$d"
SendToModule FvwmPerl preprocess -c -- -Echo "$%{"d"}%"
# this prints "$d" (SendToModule expands $$ to $)
SendToModule FvwmPerl preprocess -c -- -Echo "$$%{"d"}%"
# this prints "$$d"
-SendToModule FvwmPerl preprocess -c -- -Echo "$$%{"d"}%"
Again, it is suggested to put your command(s) into file and preprocess the file instead.
CAVEATS
FvwmPerl being written in perl and dealing with perl, follows the famous perl motto: "There's more than one way to do
it", so the choice is yours.
Here are more pairs of equivalent lines:
Module FvwmPerl --load "my.fpl" --stay
Module FvwmPerl -e 'load("my.fpl")' -s
SendToModule FvwmPerl preprocess --quote '@' my.ppp
SendToModule FvwmPerl eval preprocess({quote => '@'}, "my.ppp");
Warning, you may affect the way FvwmPerl works by evaluating appropriate perl code, this is considered a feature not
a bug. But please don't do this, write your own fvwm module in perl instead.
SEE ALSO
The fvwm(1) man page describes all available commands.
Basically, in your perl code you may use any function or class method from the perl library installed with fvwm, see
the man pages of perl packages General::FileSystem, General::Parse and FVWM::Module.
AUTHOR
Mikhael Goikhman .
2.5.28 (from cvs) 2009-03-22 FvwmPerl(1)